Standards
Develop a computational model of a system that shows changes in output when there are changes in inputs.
Generate resourceDescribe the steps taken and choices made to design and develop a solution using an iterative design process.
Generate resourceVisualize a simple data set in order to highlight relationships and persuade an audience.
Generate resourceDecompose a problem into smaller named tasks, some of which can themselves be decomposed into smaller steps.
Generate resourceIdentify and name a task within a problem that gets performed multiple times while solving that problem, but with slightly different concrete details each time.
Generate resourceCompare two or more algorithms and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each for a specific task
Generate resourceIdentify pieces of information that might change as a program or process runs.
Generate resourceDevelop algorithms or programs that use repetition and conditionals for creative expression or to solve a problem.
Generate resourceExplain each step of an algorithm or program that includes repetition and conditionals for the purposes of debugging.
Generate resourceDescribe trade-offs between allowing information to be public and keeping information private and secure.
Generate resourceSelect appropriate digital tools to communicate and collaborate while learning with others.
Generate resourceConduct and refine advanced multicriteria digital searches to locate content relevant to varied learning goals.
Generate resourceUse a variety of digital tools and resources to create and revise digital artifacts.
Generate resourceDescribe persistence of digital information and explain how actions in online spaces can have consequences.
Generate resourceIdentify and describe actions in online spaces that could potentially be unsafe or harmful.
Generate resourceDescribe computing technologies that have changed the world, and express how those technologies influence, and are influenced by, cultural practices.
Generate resourceExplain how laws impact the use of computing technologies and digital information.
Generate resourceIdentify and explain ways to improve the accessibility and usability of a computing device or software application for the diverse needs and wants of users.
Generate resourcePropose improvements to the design of a computing technology based on an analysis of user interactions with that technology.
Generate resourceModel how computer hardware and software work together as a system to accomplish tasks.
Generate resourceDetermine potential solutions to solve hardware and software problems using common troubleshooting strategies.
Generate resourcecombine and integrate fundamental skills and adjust technique based on feedback, including self-assessment
Generate resourceassess potentially dangerous situations and demonstrate the skills to avoid or reduce their risks
Generate resourceunderstand the relationship between physical activity and the prevention of illness, disease, and premature death
Generate resourceStudents will be aware of and able to access opportunities available to them within their community to engage in physical activity. They will be informed consumers and be able to evaluate facilities and programs. Students will also be aware of some career options in the field of physical fitness and sports.
Generate resourceStudents will understand and be able to manage their personal and community resources.
Generate resourcework constructively with others to accomplish a goal in a group activity, demonstrating consideration for others involved
Generate resourcedemonstrate personal and social skills which enhance personal health and safety
Generate resourceStudents will perform basic motor and manipulative skills. They will attain competency in a variety of physical activities and proficiency in a few select complex motor and sports activities. Students will design personal fitness programs to improve cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength, endurance, and body composition.
Generate resourcedevelop and implement a personal fitness plan based on self-assessment and goal setting, understand physiological changes that result from training, and understand the health benefits of regular participation in activity
Generate resourcedemonstrate the ability to locate physical activity information, products, and services
Generate resourceStudents will have the necessary knowledge and skills to establish and maintain physical fitness, participate in physical activity, and maintain personal health.
Generate resourcedemonstrate the ability to work cooperatively when advocating for healthy individuals, families and schools
Generate resourceshould be informed consumers, aware of the alternatives available to them within their communities for physical activity and should be able to evaluate facilities and programs available
Generate resourcedemonstrate the ability to access community health services for prevention, illness, and emergency care.
Generate resourceStudents will know the basic principles of home and community safety. They can demonstrate the skills necessary to maintain their homes and workplaces in a safe and comfortable condition. They can provide a safe and nurturing environment for themselves and others.
Generate resourceunderstand the relationships among diet, health, and physical activities; evaluate their own eating patterns; and use appropriate technology and resources to make food selections and prepare simple, nutritious meals
Generate resourceanalyze the multiple influences which affect health decisions and behaviors.
Generate resourcedevelop skills of cooperation and collaboration, as well as fairness, sportsmanship, and respect for others
Generate resourceidentify their own abilities and interests as possible guides to career choice.
Generate resourceanalyze how media and technology influence the selection of health information, products and services
Generate resourceknow that motor skills progress in complexity and need to be used in the context of games and sports with additional environmental constraints
Generate resourceStudents will understand human growth and development and recognize the relationship between behaviors and healthy development. They will understand ways to promote health and prevent disease and will demonstrate and practice positive health behaviors.
Generate resourceunderstand the resources available to them, make informed decisions about the use of those resources, and know some ways to expand resources
Generate resourceintegrate knowledge of basic body systems with an understanding of the changes that accompany puberty
Generate resourceStudents will demonstrate personally and socially responsible behaviors. They will care for and respect themselves and others. They will recognize threats to the environment and offer appropriate strategies to minimize them.
Generate resourceunderstand the role of physical activity, sport, and games as a balance between cooperative and competitive behaviors and as a possible arena in which to develop and sharpen leadership and problem solving skills, and understand the physical, emotional, and social benefits of participation in physical activities.
Generate resourceunderstand the physical and environmental dangers associated with particular activities and demonstrate proper procedures for safe participation in games, sports, and recreational pursuits
Generate resourceStudents will understand the influence of culture, media, and technology in making decisions about personal and community health issues. They will know about and use valid health information, products, and services. Students will advocate for healthy families and communities.
Generate resourcedistinguish between valid and invalid health information, products and services
Generate resourceStudents will understand and be able to manage personal resources of talent, time, energy, and money and make effective decisions in order to balance their obligations to work, family, and self. They will nurture and support positive relationships in their homes, workplaces, and communities. They will develop and use their abilities to contribute to society through pursuit of a career and commitment to long-range planning for their personal, professional, and academic futures. They will know and access community resources.
Generate resourceapply prevention and risk reduction strategies to adolescent health problems
Generate resourcedemonstrate competency in a variety of physical activities (games, sports, exercises) that provide conditioning for each fitness area
Generate resourcedevelop leadership, problem solving, cooperation, and team work by participating in group activities.
Generate resourceunderstand how the family can provide for the economic, physical, and emotional needs of its members
Generate resourceunderstand the risks of injury if physical activity is performed incorrectly or performed in extreme environmental conditions, and recognize the importance of safe physical conditions (equipment, facilities) as well as the emotional conditions essential for safety
Generate resourceStudents will demonstrate responsible personal and social behavior while engaged in physical activity. They will understand that physical activity provides the opportunity for enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and communication. Students will be able to identify safety hazards and react effectively to ensure a safe and positive experience for all participants.
Generate resourcerecognize how cultural beliefs influence health behaviors and the use of health services
Generate resourceStudents will acquire the knowledge and ability necessary to create and maintain a safe and healthy environment.
Generate resourcedemonstrate the necessary knowledge and skills to promote healthy adolescent development
Generate resourceStudents will use an understanding of the elements of good nutrition to plan appropriate diets for themselves and others. They will know and use the appropriate tools and technologies for safe and healthy food preparation.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model of the Earth-Sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the Sun and moon, and seasons.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying temporal and spatial scales.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity.
Generate resourceCollect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses results in changes in weather conditions.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geologic processes.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.
Generate resourceApply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.
Generate resourceConstruct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems.
Generate resourceAsk questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.
Generate resourceDefine the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.
Generate resourceEvaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.
Generate resourceAnalyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation supported by evidence for how the body is composed of interacting systems consisting of cells, tissues, and organs working together to maintain homeostasis.
Generate resourceUse argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction of animals and plants, respectively.
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to describe how food molecules are rearranged through chemical reactions to release energy during cellular respiration and/or form new molecules that support growth as this matter moves through an organism.
Generate resourceGather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli, resulting in immediate behavior and/or storage as memories.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms in a variety of ecosystems.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and non-living parts of an ecosystem.
Generate resourceConstruct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.
Generate resourceEvaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and protecting ecosystem stability.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to explain why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe how asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural laws operate today as in the past.
Generate resourceApply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.
Generate resourceAnalyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals' probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment.
Generate resourceGather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.
Generate resourceDevelop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.
Generate resourceGather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.
Generate resourceDevelop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and phase (state) of a substance when thermal energy is added or removed.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.
Generate resourceUndertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy during a chemical and/or physical process.
Generate resourceUse evidence to illustrate that density is a property that can be used to identify samples of matter.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to demonstrate that mixtures are combinations of substances.
Generate resourceApply Newton's Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object's motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.
Generate resourceAsk questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.
Generate resourceConstruct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects and the distance between them.
Generate resourceConduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.
Generate resourceConstruct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.
Generate resourceApply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the temperature of the sample of matter.
Generate resourceConstruct, use, and present an argument to support the claim that when work is done on or by a system, the energy of the system changes as energy is transferred to or from the system.
Generate resourceMake observations to provide evidence that energy can be transferred by electric currents.
Generate resourceDevelop a model and use mathematical representations to describe waves that includes frequency, wavelength, and how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.
Generate resourceIntegrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.
Generate resourceMacroscopic patterns are related to the nature of microscopic and atomiclevel structure. (MS-PS1- 2)
Generate resourceMatter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. (MSPS1-5)
Generate resourceThe transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system. (MS-PS1-6)
Generate resourceA solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it. (secondary to MS-PS1-6)
Generate resourceAlthough one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process—that is, some of the characteristics may be incorporated into the new design. (secondary to MS-PS1-6)
Generate resourceThe iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution. (secondary to MS-PS1-6)
Generate resource(NYSED) Each substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. (MS-PS1-2) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by MS-PS1-3.)
Generate resource(NYSED) Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different particles and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1- 2),(MS-PS1-5)(Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by MS-PS1-3.)
Generate resourceThe total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. (MS-PS1-5)
Generate resource(NYSED) Some chemical reactions release energy, others absorb energy. (MS-PS1-6)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. (MS-PS1-2)
Generate resourceUndertake a design project, engaging in the design cycle, to construct and/or implement a solution that meets specific design criteria and constraints. (MSPS1-6
Generate resourceScience knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. (MS-PS1-2)
Generate resourceScience Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena
Generate resourceLaws are regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena. (MS-PS1-5)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.
Generate resourceUndertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy during a chemical and/or physical process.
Generate resourceProportional relationships (e.g. speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes. (MS-PS3-1),(MS-PS3-4)
Generate resourceModels can be used to represent systems and their interactions – such as inputs, processes, and outputs – and energy and matter flows within systems. (MS-PS3-2)
Generate resourceEnergy may take different forms (e.g. energy in fields, thermal energy, energy of motion). (MS-PS3 5)
Generate resourceThe transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system. (MSPS3-3),(MS-PS3-6)
Generate resourceThe more precisely a design task’s criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions. (secondary to MS-PS3-3)
Generate resourceA solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results in order to improve it. There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet criteria and constraints of a problem. (secondary to MS-PS3-3)
Generate resourceMotion energy is properly called kinetic energy; it is proportional to the mass of the moving object and grows with the square of its speed. (MS-PS3-1)
Generate resourceA system of objects may also contain stored (potential) energy, depending on their relative positions. (MS-PS3-2)
Generate resource(NYSED) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, phases (states), and amounts of matter present. (MS-PS3-3),(MS-PS3-4)
Generate resourceWhen the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time. (MS-PS3-5)
Generate resource(NYSED) The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the mass of the sample, and the environment. (MS-PS3-4)
Generate resourceEnergy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones. (MS-PS3-3)
Generate resource(NYSED) An electric circuit is a closed path in which an electric current can exist. (MS-PS3-6)
Generate resourceWhen two objects interact, each one exerts a force on the other that can cause energy to be transferred to or from the object. (MS-PS3-2)
Generate resourcePlan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim. (MS-PS3-4)
Generate resourceCollect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions.(MS-PS3-6)
Generate resourceConstruct and interpret graphical displays of data to identify linear and nonlinear relationships. (MS-PS3-1)
Generate resourceApply scientific ideas or principles to design, construct, and test a design of an object, tool, process or system. (MSPS3-3)
Generate resourceConstruct, use, and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon. (MS-PS3-5)
Generate resourceScience knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations (MS-PS3- 4),(MS-PS3-5)
Generate resourceConstruct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.
Generate resourceApply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the temperature of the sample of matter.
Generate resourceConstruct, use, and present an argument to support the claim that when work is done on or by a system, the energy of the system changes as energy is transferred to or from the system.
Generate resourceMake observations to provide evidence that energy can be transferred by electric currents.
Generate resourceInfluence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World
Generate resourceAll human activity draws on natural resources and has both short and long-term consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of people and the natural environment. (MSETS1-1)
Generate resourceThe uses of technologies and limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. (MSETS1-1)
Generate resourceThe more precisely a design task’s criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that are likely to limit possible solutions. (MSETS1-1)
Generate resourceA solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it. (MS-ETS1-4)
Generate resourceThere are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. (MS-ETS1-2),(MS-ETS1-3)
Generate resourceSometimes parts of different solutions can be combined to create a solution that is better than any of its predecessors. (MS-ETS1-3)
Generate resourceModels of all kinds are important for testing solutions. (MSETS1-4)
Generate resourceAlthough one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process—that is, some of those characteristics may be incorporated into the new design. (MS-ETS1-3)
Generate resourceThe iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution. (MS-ETS1-4)
Generate resourceDefine a design problem that can be solved through the development of an object, tool, process, or system and includes multiple criteria and constraints, including scientific knowledge that may limit possible solutions. (MS- ETS1-1)
Generate resourceDevelop a model to generate data to test ideas about designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs. (MSETS1-4)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. (MS-ETS1-3)
Generate resourceEvaluate competing design solutions based on jointly developed and agreed-upon design criteria. (MS-ETS1-2)
Generate resourceDefine the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions.
Generate resourceEvaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.
Generate resourceAnalyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.
Generate resourceCause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (MS-PS2- 3),(MS-PS2-5)
Generate resourceModels can be used to represent systems and their interactions—such as inputs, processes and outputs—and energy and matter flows within systems. (MS-PS2-1),(MS-PS2- 4),
Generate resourceExplanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and forces at different scales. (MS-PS2-2)
Generate resourceInfluence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World
Generate resourceThe uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. (MS-PS2-1)
Generate resourceFor any pair of interacting objects, the force exerted by the first object on the second object is equal in strength to the force that the second object exerts on the first, but in the opposite direction (Newton’s third law). (MS-PS2-1)
Generate resourceThe motion of an object is determined by the sum of the forces acting on it; if the total force on the object is not zero, its motion will change. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the force needed to achieve the same change in motion. For any given object, a larger force causes a larger change in motion. (MS-PS2-2)
Generate resourceAll positions of objects and the directions of forces and motions must be described in an arbitrarily chosen reference frame and arbitrarily chosen units of size. In order to share information with other people, these choices must also be shared. (MS-PS2-2)
Generate resourceElectric and magnetic (electromagnetic) forces can be attractive or repulsive, and their sizes depend on the magnitudes of the charges, currents, or magnetic strengths involved and on the distances between the interacting objects. (MS-PS2-3)
Generate resourceGravitational forces are always attractive. There is a gravitational force between any two masses, but it is very small except when one or both of the objects have large mass— e.g., Earth and the sun. (MS-PS2-4)
Generate resourceForces that act at a distance (electric, magnetic, and gravitational) can be explained by fields that extend through space and can be mapped by their effect on a test object (a charged object, or a ball, respectively). (MSPS2-5)
Generate resourceAsk questions that can be investigated within the scope of the classroom, outdoor environment, and museums and other public facilities with available resources and, when appropriate, frame a hypothesis based on observations and scientific principles. (MS-PS2-3)
Generate resourcePlan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim. (MS-PS2-2)
Generate resourceConduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence that can meet the goals of the investigation. (MS-PS2-5)
Generate resourceApply scientific ideas or principles to design an object, tool, process or system. (MS-PS2-1)
Generate resourceConstruct and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. (MS-PS2-4)
Generate resourceScience knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. (MS-PS2-2),(MS-PS2-4)
Generate resourceApply Newton’s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.
Generate resourceAsk questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.
Generate resourceConstruct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects and the distance between them.
Generate resourceConduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.
Generate resourceUse argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction of animals and plants, respectively.
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to explain why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe how asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.
Generate resourceGather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.
Generate resourceCause and effect relationships may be used t predict phenomena in natural systems. (MSLS3-2)
Generate resourcePhenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. (MS-LS1-4),(MS-LS1-5),(MS-LS4- - 5)
Generate resourceComplex and microscopic structures and systems can be visualized, modeled, and use to describe how their function depends on th shapes, composition, and relationships amon its parts, therefore complex natural structures/systems can be analyzed to determine how they function. (MS-LS3-1)
Generate resourceEngineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. (MS-LS4-5)
Generate resourceScientific knowledge can describe the consequences of actions but does not necessarily prescribe the decisions that society takes. (MS-LS4-5)
Generate resourceOrganisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. (secondary to MS-LS3-2)
Generate resourceAnimals engage in characteristic behaviors that increase the odds of reproduction. (MS-LS1-4)
Generate resourcePlants reproduce in a variety of ways, sometimes depending on animal behavior and specialized features for reproduction. (MS-LS1-4)
Generate resourceGenetic factors as well as local conditions affect the growth of the adult plant. (MS-LS1-5)
Generate resourceGenes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. (MS-LS3-1)
Generate resourceVariations of inherited traits between parent and offspring arise from genetic differences that result from the subset of chromosomes (and therefore genes) inherited. (MS-LS3-2)
Generate resourceIn sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes half of the genes acquired (at random) by the offspring. Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. These versions may be identical or may differ from each other. (MS-LS3- 2)
Generate resourceIn addition to variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic information can be altered because of mutations. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism. (MS-LS3-1)
Generate resource(NYSED) Mutations may result in changes to the structure and function of proteins. (MS-LS3-1)
Generate resourceIn artificial selection, humans have the capacity to influence certain characteristics of organisms by selective breeding. One can choose desired parental traits determined by genes, which are then passed on to offspring. (MS-LS4-5)
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students’ own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. (MS-LS1-5
Generate resourceUse an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. (MS-LS1- 4)
Generate resourceGather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence. (MS-LS4-5)
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth’s 4.6-billion-year-old history.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying temporal and spatial scales
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.
Generate resourcePatterns in rates of change and other numerical relationships can provide information about natural systems. (MS-ESS2-3)
Generate resourceTime, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. (MSESS1-4),(MS-ESS2-2)
Generate resourceThe geologic time scale interpreted from rock strata provides a way to organize Earth’s history. Analyses of rock strata and the fossil record provide only relative dates, not an absolute scale. (MS-ESS1-4)
Generate resourceTectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches. (HS.ESS1.C GBE) (secondary to MS-ESS2-3)
Generate resourceThe planet’s systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth’s history and will determine its future. (MS-ESS2-2)
Generate resourceMaps of ancient land and water patterns, based on investigations of rocks and fossils, make clear how Earth’s plates have moved great distances, collided, and spread apart. (MS-ESS2-3)
Generate resourceWater’s movements—both on the land and underground—cause weathering and erosion, which change the land's surface features and create underground formations. (MS-ESS2-2)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to provide evidence for phenomena. (MS-ESS2-3)
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students’ own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. (MS-ESS1-4),(MS-ESS2-2)
Generate resourceScience findings are frequently revised and/or reinterpreted based on new evidence. (MS-ESS2-3)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.
Generate resourceApply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.
Generate resourceConstruct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth’s systems.
Generate resourceGraphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. (MS-ESS3-2)
Generate resourceRelationships can be classified as causal or correlational, and correlation does not necessarily imply causation. (MSESS3-3)
Generate resourceInfluence of Engineering, Technology, and Science on Society and the Natural World
Generate resourceAll human activity draws on natural resources and has both short and long-term consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of people and the natural environment. (MS-ESS3-4)
Generate resourceThe uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. (MS-ESS3-2),(MS-ESS3-3)
Generate resourceScientific knowledge can describe the consequences of actions but does not necessarily prescribe the decisions that society takes. (MS-ESS3-4)
Generate resourceMapping the history of natural hazards in a region, combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events. (MSESS3-2)
Generate resourceHuman activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. (MS-ESS3-3)
Generate resourceTypically as human populations and per-capita consumption of natural resources increase, so do the negative impacts on Earth unless the activities and technologies involved are engineered otherwise. (MS-ESS3- 3),(MS-ESS3-4)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. (MSESS3-2)
Generate resourceApply scientific principles to design an object, tool, process or system. (MS-ESS3-3)
Generate resourceConstruct an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. (MS-ESS3-4)
Generate resourceCause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (MS-ESS3- 4)
Generate resourcePatterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships. (MSLS2-2)
Generate resourceSmall changes in one part of a system might cause large changes in another part. (MS-LS2-5)
Generate resourceInfluence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World
Generate resourceThe use of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. (MS-LS2-5)
Generate resourceScientific knowledge can describe the consequences of actions but does not necessarily prescribe the decisions that society takes. (MS-LS2-5)
Generate resourceThere are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. (secondary to MS-LS2-5)
Generate resourceSimilarly, predatory interactions may reduce the number of organisms or eliminate whole populations of organisms. Mutually beneficial interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, both living and nonliving, are shared. (MS-LS2-2)
Generate resource(NYSED) Biodiversity describes the variety of species found in Earth’s ecosystems. The completeness or integrity of an ecosystem’s biodiversity is often used as a measure of its health. (MS-LS2-5)
Generate resourceChanges in biodiversity can influence humans’ resources, such as food, energy, and medicines, as well as ecosystem services that humans rely on—for example, water purification and recycling. (secondary to MS-LS2-5)
Generate resource(NYSED) Humans impact biodiversity both positively and negatively. (secondary to MS-LS2-5)
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables that predict phenomena. (MS-LS2-2)
Generate resourceEvaluate competing design solutions based on jointly developed and agreed-upon design criteria. (MS-LS2-5)
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms in a variety of ecosystems.
Generate resourceEvaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and protecting ecosystem stability.
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to describe how food molecules are rearranged through chemical reactions to release energy during cellular respiration and/or form new molecules that support growth as this matter moves through an organism.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.
Generate resourceDevelop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.
Generate resourceConstruct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.
Generate resourceCause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (MS-LS2-1)
Generate resourceMatter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. (MSLS1-7)
Generate resourceWithin a natural system, the transfer of energy drives the motion and/or cycling of matter. (MSLS1-6)
Generate resourceThe transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a natural system. (MS-LS2-3)
Generate resourceSmall changes in one part of a system might cause large changes in another part. (MS-LS2-4)
Generate resourceScience assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable though measurement and observation. (MS-LS2-3)
Generate resourcePlants, algae (including phytoplankton), and many microorganisms use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water through the process of photosynthesis, which also releases oxygen. These sugars can be used immediately or stored for growth or later use. (MS-LS1-6)
Generate resourceWithin individual organisms, food moves through a series of chemical reactions in which it is broken down and rearranged to form new molecules, to support growth, or to release energy. (MS-LS1-7)
Generate resourceOrganisms, and populations of organisms, are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other living things and with nonliving factors. (MS-LS2-1)
Generate resourceIn any ecosystem, organisms and populations with similar requirements for food, water, oxygen, or other resources may compete with each other for limited resources, access to which consequently constrains their growth and reproduction. (MSLS2- 1)
Generate resourceGrowth of organisms and population increases are limited by access to resources. (MS-LS2-1)
Generate resourceFood webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. Transfers of matter into and out of the physical environment occur at every level. Decomposers recycle nutrients from dead plant or animal matter back to the soil in terrestrial environments or to the water in aquatic environments. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. (MS-LS2-3)
Generate resourceEcosystems are dynamic in nature; their characteristics can vary over time. Disruptions to any physical or biological component of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in all its populations. (MS-LS2-4)
Generate resourceThe chemical reaction by which plants produce complex food molecules (sugars) requires an energy input (i.e., from sunlight) to occur. In this reaction, carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbon-based organic molecules and release oxygen. (secondary to MS-LS1-6)
Generate resourceCellular respiration in plants and animals involves chemical reactions with oxygen that release stored energy. In these processes, complex molecules containing carbon react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and other materials. (secondary to MS-LS1-7)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to provide evidence for phenomena. (MS-LS2-1)
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students’ own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. (MS-LS1-6)
Generate resourceConstruct an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. (MS-LS2-4)
Generate resourceScience knowledge is based upon logical connections between evidence and explanations. (MS-LS1-6)
Generate resourceScience disciplines share common rules of obtaining and evaluating empirical evidence. (MS-LS2-4)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural laws operate today as in the past.
Generate resourceApply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.
Generate resourceAnalyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals’ probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment.
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.
Generate resourcePatterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships. (MS-LS4-2)
Generate resourceGraphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. (MS-LS4-1)
Generate resourceSimilarities and differences in patterns can be used to sort and classify organisms. (MSLS4-2)
Generate resourcePhenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. (MS-LS4- 4),(MS-LS4-6)
Generate resourceScientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems
Generate resourceScience assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. (MS-LS4- 1),(MS-LS4-2)
Generate resourceThe collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order (e.g., through the location of the sedimentary layers in which they are found or through radioactive dating) is known as the fossil record. It documents the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of many life forms throughout the history of life on Earth. (MS-LS4-1)
Generate resourceAnatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between them and organisms in the fossil record, enable the reconstruction of evolutionary history and the inference of lines of evolutionary descent. (MS-LS4- 2)
Generate resourceComparison of the embryological development of different species also reveals similarities that show relationships not evident in the fully-formed anatomy. (MS-LS4-3)
Generate resource(NYSED) Natural selection can lead to an increase in the frequency of some traits and the decrease in the frequency of other traits. (MS-LS4-4)
Generate resourceAdaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. (MS-LS4-6)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. (MS-LS4-1)
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations to support scientific conclusions and design solutions. (MS-LS4- 6)
Generate resourceApply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for real-world phenomena, examples, or events. (MSLS4- 2)
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables that describe phenomena. (MS-LS4-4)
Generate resourceScience Knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. (MS-LS4-1)
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model of the Earth-Sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the Sun and moon, and seasons.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.
Generate resourcePatterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships. (MS-ESS1-1)
Generate resourceTime, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. (MS-ESS1- 3)
Generate resourceModels can be used to represent systems and their interactions. (MS-ESS1-2)
Generate resourceEngineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. (MS- ESS1-3)
Generate resourceScience assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. (MS-ESS1-1),(MS-ESS1-2)
Generate resourcePatterns of the apparent motion of the sun, the moon, and stars in the sky can be observed, described, predicted, and explained with models. (MS-ESS1-1)
Generate resourceEarth and its solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of many galaxies in the universe. (MS-ESS1-2)
Generate resource(NYSED) The solar system consists of the Sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their moons, comets, and asteroids that are held in orbit around the Sun by its gravitational pull on them. (MS-ESS1-2),(MS-ESS1-3)
Generate resourceThis model of the solar system can explain eclipses of the sun and the moon. Earth’s spin axis is fixed in direction over the short- term but tilted relative to its orbit around the sun. The seasons are a result of that tilt and are caused by the differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of Earth across the year. (MS-ESS1-1)
Generate resourceThe solar system appears to have formed from a disk of dust and gas, drawn together by gravity. (MS-ESS1-2)
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe phenomena. (MS-ESS1- 1),(MS-ESS1-2)
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. (MS-ESS1-3)
Generate resourceDevelop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.
Generate resourceGather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.
Generate resourceDevelop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and phase (state) of a substance when thermal energy is added or removed. [
Generate resourceUse evidence to illustrate that density is a property that can be used to identify samples of matter.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to demonstrate that mixtures are combinations of substances
Generate resourceMacroscopic patterns are related to the nature of microscopic and atomic-level structure. (MS-PS1-1),(MS-PS1-7),(MSPS1-8)
Generate resourceGraphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. (MS-PS1-1),(MS- PS1-4)
Generate resourceCause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (MS-PS1-4)
Generate resourceTime, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. (MS-PS1-1)
Generate resourceStructures can be designed to serve particular functions by taking into account properties of different materials, and how materials can be shaped and used. (MS-PS1-3)
Generate resourceEngineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. (MS-PS1-3)
Generate resourceInfluence of Science, Engineering and Technology on Society and the Natural World
Generate resourceThe uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. (MSPS1-3)
Generate resource(NYSED) Substances are made of one type of atom or combinations of different types of atoms. Individual atoms are particles and can combine to form larger particles that range in size from two to thousands of atoms. (MS-PS1-1)
Generate resource(NYSED) Each substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. (MSPS1-3),(MS-PS1-7)(Note: ThisDisciplinaryCore Ideais also addressed by MS- PS1-2.)
Generate resource(NYSED) In a solid, the particles are closely spaced and vibrate in position but do not change their relative locations. In a liquid, the particles are closely spaced but are able to change their relative locations. In a gas, the particles are widely spaced except when they happen to collide and constantly change their relative locations. (MSPS1-4)
Generate resourceSolids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals). (MS-PS1-1)
Generate resource(NYSED) The changes of state that occur with variations in temperature and/or pressure can be described and predicted using these models of matter. (MS-PS1-4)
Generate resource(NYSED) Mixtures are physical combinations of one or more samples of matter and can be separated by physical means. (MS-PS1-8)
Generate resource(NYSED) Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different particles, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-3)(Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by MS-PS1-2 and MS-PS1-5.)
Generate resource(NYSED) The term “heat” as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of particles within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects. (secondary to MS-PS1-4)
Generate resource(NYSED) Temperature is not a form of energy. Temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.(secondary to MS-PS1-4)
Generate resourceDevelop a model to predict and/or describe phenomena. (MS-PS1-1),(MS-PS1-4)
Generate resourcePlan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim. (MS-PS1-8)
Generate resourceCollect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions. (MS-PS1-8)
Generate resourceConstruct and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. (MS-PS1-7)
Generate resourceGather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence. (MS-PS1-3)
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation supported by evidence for how the body is composed of interacting systems consisting of cells, tissues, and organs working together to maintain homeostasis.
Generate resourceGather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli, resulting in immediate behavior and/or storage as memories.
Generate resourceCause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural systems. (MS-LS1-8)
Generate resourcePhenomena that can be observed at one scale may not be observable at another scale. (MS-LS1-1)
Generate resourceSystems may interact with other systems; they may have sub-systems and be a part of larger complex systems. (MS-LS1-3) Structure and Function
Generate resourceComplex and microscopic structures and systems can be visualized, modeled, and used to describe how their function depends on the relationships among its parts, therefore complex natural structures/systems can be analyzed to determine how they function. (MS-LS1-2)
Generate resourceEngineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. (MSLS1 1)
Generate resourceScientists and engineers are guided by habits of mind such as intellectual honesty, tolerance of ambiguity, skepticism, and openness to new ideas. (MS-LS1-3)
Generate resourceAll living things are made up of cells, which is the smallest unit that can be said to be alive. An organism may consist of one single cell (unicellular) or many different numbers and types of cells (multicellular). (MS-LS1-1)
Generate resourceWithin cells, special structures are responsible for particular functions, and the cell membrane forms the boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell. (MS-LS1-2)
Generate resourceIn multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. These subsystems are groups of cells that work together to form tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions. (MS-LS1-3)
Generate resourceEach sense receptor responds to different inputs (electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical), transmitting them as signals that travel along nerve cells to the brain. (MS-LS1-8)
Generate resource(NYSED) Plants respond to stimuli such as gravity (geotropism) and light (phototropism). (MS-LS1-8)
Generate resourceConduct an investigation to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence that meet the goals of an investigation. (MS-LS1-1)
Generate resourceConstruct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students’ own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. (MS-LS1-3)
Generate resourceGather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence. (MS-LS1-8)
Generate resourceDevelop a model and use mathematical representations to describe waves that includes frequency, wavelength, and how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.
Generate resourceIntegrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.
Generate resourceStructures can be designed to serve particular functions by taking into account properties of different materials, and how materials can be shaped and used. (MS-PS4-2)
Generate resourceInfluence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World
Generate resourceTechnologies extend the measurement, exploration, modeling, and computational capacity of scientific investigations. (MS-PS4-3)
Generate resourceAdvances in technology influence the progress of science and science has influenced advances in technology. (MSPS4-3)
Generate resourceA simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. (MS-PS4-1)
Generate resourceA sound wave needs a medium through which it is transmitted. (MS-PS4-2)
Generate resourceWhen light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the object, depending on the object’s material and the frequency (color) of the light. (MS-PS4-2)
Generate resource(NYSED) The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, except when it hits a surface between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) obliquely where the light path bends. (MS-PS4- 2)
Generate resourceA wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media. (MS-PS4-2)
Generate resource(NYSED) However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a mechanical wave, like sound or water waves. (MS-PS4-2)
Generate resourceDigitized signals (sent as wave pulses) are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information. (MS-PS4-3)
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations to describe and/or support scientific conclusions and design solutions. (MSPS4-1)
Generate resourceIntegrate qualitative scientific and technical information in written text with that contained in media and visual displays to clarify claims and findings. (MS-PS4-3)
Generate resourceScience knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations (MS-PS4-1)
Generate resourceCollect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses results in changes in weather conditions.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.
Generate resourceAsk questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.
Generate resourceCause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (MSESS2-5)
Generate resourceModels can be used to represent systems and their interactions— such as inputs, processes and outputs—and energy, matter, and information flows within systems. (MS-ESS2-6)
Generate resourceStability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5)
Generate resourceThe complex patterns of the changes and the movement of water in the atmosphere, determined by winds, landforms, and ocean temperatures and currents, are major determinants of local weather patterns. (MS-ESS2-5)
Generate resourceVariations in density due to variations in temperature and salinity drive a global pattern of interconnected ocean currents. (MS-ESS2- 6)
Generate resourceWeather and climate are influenced by interactions involving sunlight, the ocean, the atmosphere, ice, landforms, and living things. These interactions vary with latitude, altitude, and local and regional geography, all of which can affect oceanic and atmospheric flow patterns. (MS-ESS2-6)
Generate resourceBecause these patterns are so complex, weather can only be predicted probabilistically. (MS-ESS2-5)
Generate resourceThe ocean exerts a major influence on weather and climate by absorbing energy from the sun, releasing it over time, and globally redistributing it through ocean currents. (MS-ESS2-6)
Generate resourceHuman activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as understanding of human behavior and on applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. (MS-ESS3-5)
Generate resourceAsk questions to identify and clarify evidence of an argument. (MSESS3-5)
Generate resourceCollect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions. (MS-ESS2-5)
Generate resourceMacroscopic patterns are related tot he nature of microscopic and atomic-level structure.
Generate resourceCause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems.
Generate resourceTime, space and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small.
Generate resourceProportional relationships (e.g. speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes.
Generate resourceModels can be used to represent systems and their interactions - such as inputs, processes and outputs - and energy and matter flows within systems.
Generate resourceMatter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes.
Generate resourceThe transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system.
Generate resourceEnergy may take different forms (e.g. energy in fields, thermal energy, energy of motion).
Generate resourceStructures can be designed to serve particular functions by taking into account properties of different materials, and how materials can be shaped and used.
Generate resourceExplanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and forces at different scales.
Generate resourceThe more precisely a design task's criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions.
Generate resourceA solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it. There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet criteria and constraints of a problem.
Generate resourceAlthough one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process - that is, some of the characteristics may be incorporated into the new design.
Generate resourceThe iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution.
Generate resourceSubstances are made of one type of atom or combinations of different types of atoms. Individual atoms are particles and can combine to form larger particles that range in size from two to thousands of atoms.
Generate resourceEach substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it.
Generate resourceIn a solid, the particles are closely spaced and vibrate in position but do not change their relative locations. In a liquid, the particles are closely spaced but are able to change their relative locations. In a gas, the particles are widely spaced except when they happen to collide and constantly change their relative locations.
Generate resourceSolids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals).
Generate resourceThe changes of state that occur with variations in temperature and/or pressure can be described and predicted using these models of matter.
Generate resourceMixtures are physical combinations of one or more samples of matter and can be separated by physical means.
Generate resourceEach substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it.
Generate resourceSubstances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different particles, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants.
Generate resourceThe total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change.
Generate resourceFor any pair of interacting objects, the force exerted by the first object on the second object is equal in strength to the force that the second object exerts on the first, but in the opposite direction (Newton's third law).
Generate resourceThe motion of an object is determined by the sum of the forces acting on it; if the total force on the object is not zero, its motion will change. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the force needed to achieve the same change in motion. For any given object, a larger force causes a larger change in motion.
Generate resourceAll positions of objects and the directions of forces and motions must be described in an arbitrarily chosen reference frame and arbitrarily chosen units of size. In order to share information with other people, these choices must also be shared.
Generate resourceElectric and magnet (electromagnetic) forces can be attractive or repulsive, and their sizes depend on the magnitudes of the charges, currents, or magnetic strengths involved and on the distances between the interacting objects.
Generate resourceGravitational forces are always attractive. There is a gravitational force between any two masses, but it is very small except when one or both of the objects has a large mass - e.g Earth and the sun.
Generate resourceForces that act at a distance (electric, magnetic and gravitational) can be explained by fields that extend through space and can be mapped by their effect on a test object (a charged object, or a ball, respectively).
Generate resourceThe term "heat" is used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of particles within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; if refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects.
Generate resourceTemperature is not a form of energy. Temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
Generate resourceMotion energy is properly called kinetic energy; it is proportional to the mass of the moving object and grows with the square of its speed.
Generate resourceA system of objects may also contain stored (potential) energy, depending on their relative positions.
Generate resourceTemperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, phases (states) and amounts of matter present.
Generate resourceWhen the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time.
Generate resourceThe amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the mass of the sample and the environment.
Generate resourceEnergy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones.
Generate resourceAn electric circuit is a closed path in which an electric current can exist.
Generate resourceWhen two objects interact, each one exerts a force on the other that can cause energy to be transferred to or from the object.
Generate resourceA simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency and amplitude.
Generate resourceWhen light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed or transmitted through the object, depending on the object's material and the frequency (color) of the light.
Generate resourceThe path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, except when it hits a surface between different transparent materials (e.g. air and water, air and glass) obliquely where the light path bends.
Generate resourceA wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media.
Generate resourceHowever, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a mechanical wave, like sound or water waves.
Generate resourceDigitized signals (sent as wave pulses) are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information.
Generate resourceIntegrate qualitative scientific and technical information in written text with that contained in media and visual displays to clarify claims and findings.
Generate resourceAsk questions that can be investigated within the scope of the classroom, outdoor environment, and museums and other public facilities with available resources and, when appropriate, frame a hypothesis based on observations and scientific principles.
Generate resourcePlan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to to the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim.
Generate resourceCollect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions.
Generate resourceConduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence that can meet the goals of the investigation.
Generate resourceAnalyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings.
Generate resourceConstruct and interpret graphical displays of data to identify linear and nonlinear relationships.
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations to describe and/or support scientific conclusions and design solutions.
Generate resourceUndertake a design project, engaging in the design cycle, to construct and/or implement a solution that meets specific design criteria and constraints.
Generate resourceApply scientific ideas or principles to design, construct, and test a design of an object, tool, process or system.
Generate resourceConstruct and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem.
Generate resourceGather, read and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, or motion of distant galaxies, and/or the composition of matter in the universe (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)).
Generate resourceAnalyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative or quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.
Generate resourceGiven a complex real-world problem, identify one smaller more manageable problem and describe a solution to that problem that can be solved through engineering.
Generate resourceIdentify a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and/or trade-offs (positives and negatives) for a range of constraints, such as cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural or environmental impacts.
Generate resourceGiven data (from a computer simulation) describe the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real world problem with limited criteria and constraints on interactions within and/or between systems relevant to the problem.
Generate resourceDevelop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.
Generate resourceAnalyze data to support the claim that Newton’s Second Law of Motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.
Generate resourceApply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.*
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.
Generate resourceCreate a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.
Generate resourceDevelop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects).
Generate resourceDesign, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.*
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.
Generate resourceAnalyze data to support the claim that Ohm’s Law describes the mathematical relationship among the potential difference, current, and resistance of an electric circuit.
Generate resourcese mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling and transferring energy (amplitude, frequency) in various media.
Generate resourceEvaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information.
Generate resourceEvaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model (quantum theory), and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.
Generate resourceEvaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.
Generate resourceCommunicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.*
Generate resourceUse mathematical models to determine relationships among the size and location of images, size and location of objects, and focal lengths of lenses and mirrors.
Generate resourceIdentify the impact of a given solution to a complex real-world problem.
Generate resourceIdentify a solution, from those provided, to a complex real world problem based on given criteria and/or constraints.
Generate resourceIdentify the solution, from those provided, that addresses a smaller, more manageable real-world problem.
Generate resourceGiven a major global challenge, identify the criteria or constraint for the given solution that best accounts for societal needs or wants.
Generate resourceGiven spectral data (e.g. absorption or emission spectra), identify the data that provides evidence of the presence of an element in a sample of matter, or identify an element in a sample of matter by interpreting spectral data, or identify spectral data that provides evidence of motion relative to Earth (away from or towards) for a distant star or galaxy.
Generate resourceUse mathematical models, patterns, or given ray diagrams to determine the relative size, and/or location of the image and/or focal length for a lens or mirror, or given HS-PS4-6 and focal lengths for lenses and mirrors. objects, and focal lengths of lenses and mirrors. length. information or ray diagrams, identify the type of lens or mirror and the type of image formed.
Generate resourceGiven information about a technological device, identify a principle of wave behavior and/or wave interactions with matter that is used to transmit and/or capture information and/or energy.
Generate resourceIdentify the claim from those provided that describes an effect that electromagnetic radiation of a given frequency or range of frequencies and/or wavelengths has when absorbed by matter.
Generate resourceIdentify a phenomenon from those given that is best described by the wave and/or particle model of electromagnetic radiation.
Generate resourceIdentify given transmission data or storage data as being either analog or digital.
Generate resourceDraw a model of a wave with given characteristics or identify the characteristics of a given wave traveling and transferring energy in a medium (period, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, speed, and/or type), or identify the change in characteristics of a wave as the wave hits a boundary.
Generate resourceGiven a description and/or schematic diagram of a circuit, identify the direction of the conventional current in the circuit, or given a description and/or data of a circuit, identify the corresponding schematic diagram for the circuit, or given a description of, schematic diagram of, and/or data for a series or parallel circuit, use evidence to support the identification of the circuit, or given a schematic diagram, description of information about, and/or data for a simple circuit, determine the potential difference, current, resistance, power, or energy of the circuit.
Generate resourceGiven a model or information about two objects interacting through an electric field, use a cause and effect relationship to qualitatively identify how changes to the charges or position of these charged objects change the energy of the system due to the interaction, or given a model or information about two objects interacting through an electric field, use a mathematical representation to describe the change in electric potential energy when the position of the object in the electric field changes, or given a model or information about a magnet, draw the magnetic field or identify the relative strength and/or direction of the magnetic field around the magnet.
Generate resourceGiven information involving two components of different temperatures combined within a closed system, relate the energy transferred to the temperature change, mass, or specific heat for one of the components in the system, or given information involving the change in energy of an object, determine the energy change, temperature change, mass, or specific heat of the object.
Generate resourceGiven a device or model of a device that converts one form of energy into another form of energy, identify the design variables and/or the energy transformations.
Generate resourceGiven a model and/or information, identify the form(s) of energy associated with motion of and/or relative position of particles (objects).
Generate resourceGiven a model or information for a macroscopic object, calculate the kinetic energy, change in gravitational potential energy, spring potential energy, work, or power associated with a macroscopic object.
Generate resourceIdentify the cause and effect relationship between an electric current and a magnetic field in a system.
Generate resourceGiven data, information, or a model, draw or identify the direction, with or without the magnitude, of the gravitational force(s) or field, or electrostatic force(s) or field, or determine the magnitude of the gravitational force(s) or field, or electrostatic force(s) or field.
Generate resourceIdentify a device from those provided that reduces the force on a macroscopic object during an interaction, or identify an explanation from those provided for how a given device reduces the force on a macroscopic object
Generate resourceGiven data and/or a model, use a mathematical representation for momentum to identify the mass, or the momentum (with or without direction), or the velocity/speed of an object.
Generate resourceIdentify the data or information that supports the claim that Newton’s Second Law of Motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and/or its acceleration, or identify the data or information that supports a prediction or explanation of a macroscopic object’s motion for an object acted upon by balanced or unbalanced force(s).
Generate resourceGiven a model or data, identify, from the choices provided, evidence to support that energy is released during a nuclear process.
Generate resourceGiven data (from a computer simulation) identify the impact of a proposed solution to a complex real world problem, or the impact on an interaction within or between two systems relevant to the problem.
Generate resourceDescribe a solution to a complex real world problem based on given criteria and constraints.
Generate resourceGiven a complex real-world problem that has been broken down into smaller, more manageable problems, identify a solution to one smaller problem that can be solved through engineering.
Generate resourceGiven a major global challenge, describe the qualitative or quantitative criteria or constraint for the given solution that best accounts for societal needs or wants.
Generate resourceCompare spectral data obtained from astronomical evidence to determine the presence of elements that make up distant stars and galaxies, or compare spectral data obtained from astronomical evidence to determine the motion relative to Earth (away from or towards) for distant stars and/or galaxies.
Generate resourceUse mathematical models or given ray diagrams to identify the patterns in the change in size and/or location of an image for an object at two or more positions for a lens or mirror with a given focal length.
Generate resourceGiven information about a technological device, support or refute a claim that explains a principle of wave behavior and/or wave interactions with matter that is used to transmit and/or capture information and/or energy.
Generate resourceGiven a claim, identify the evidence to support the claim about an effect electromagnetic radiation of a given frequency or range of frequencies and/or wavelengths has when absorbed by matter.
Generate resourceGiven information about a phenomenon, identify the evidence that supports a claim about the model which best describes the phenomenon.
Generate resourceList the advantages or disadvantages of using a digital transmission and/or storage of information.
Generate resourceUse words, diagrams, and/or graphs to represent the mathematical relationships among the period, frequency, wavelength, and/or speed of waves in a medium, or use mathematical relationships to determine the direction of a wave as the wave hits a boundary (reflection and/or refraction), or given data, model(s), and/or a mathematical representation, compare the phase of points at positions on the wave or the relative amount of energy transferred due to amplitude or frequency, or determine the amount of energy transferred due to the frequency of electromagnetic radiation (photon).
Generate resourceGiven a schematic diagram, description of, and/or data for a circuit (simple, series, or parallel), identify a pattern among the potential difference, current, resistance, power, or energy of the circuit or an individual circuit component, or apply a pattern to determine the potential difference, current, resistance, power, or energy of the circuit or an individual circuit component.
Generate resourceGiven a model or information about two objects interacting through an electric field, use a mathematical representation to determine the charge on an object or the potential difference when the position of the object in the electric field changes, or given a model or information about two objects interacting through magnetic fields, draw the magnetic force or magnetic field, or identify the relative strength and/or direction of the magnetic force or magnetic field.
Generate resourceGiven data from an investigation or information involving two components of different temperatures combined within a closed system, use mathematical representations to determine the mass, specific heat for one component in the system, or the change in temperature of one component in the system.
Generate resourceGiven a device or a model of a device that converts one form of energy into another form of energy, evaluate the energy output and the energy input or propose a refinement to improve efficiency, or given two or more devices or models of devices that convert one form of energy to another form of energy, evaluate the energy output for the same energy input.
Generate resourceGiven a model and/or information, predict energy transfers associated with the motion and relative position of particles (objects).
Generate resourceGiven a model or information (e.g., kinetic energy, change in potential energy, work, or power) for a macroscopic object, calculate a physical quantity (e.g., mass, speed, change in height, spring constant, etc.) associated with that form of energy for the macroscopic object.
Generate resourceGiven experimental data or information, identify the evidence that supports the claim that an electric current can produce a magnetic field or that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.
Generate resourceGiven data and/or model(s), describe how factor(s) affect the gravitational or electrostatic force(s) acting on two objects, or describe how factor(s) affect the gravitational or electrostatic field between two objects.
Generate resourceUse an algebraic representation to describe how a given device affects the force, time, change in momentum, and/or change in velocity of a macroscopic object during an interaction.
Generate resourceGiven data and/or a model, use a mathematical representation to determine the total momentum, with or without direction, of a system of objects before or after an interaction when there is no net force on the system.
Generate resourceAnalyze and/or interpret data for an object acted upon by balanced forces by applying the mathematical relationships described in Newton’s Laws of Motion to quantify the force(s) acting on a macroscopic object, or determine the net force acting on the object, the mass, or acceleration of the object, or analyze and/or interpret data for an object acted upon by balanced forces using mathematical representations (kinematics) to determine quantities describing motion (with or without direction) including the acceleration, velocity, displacement of a macroscopic object, or time that the balanced forces act on a macroscopic object.
Generate resourceGiven a model or data, explain why energy is released during a nuclear process, or given a model or data, relate the difference in nuclear mass to the energy released (binding energy) in a nuclear process.
Generate resourceGiven data (from a computer simulation) describe the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real world problem with limited criteria and constraints on interactions within and/or between systems relevant to the problem.
Generate resourceIdentify a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and/or trade-offs (positives and negatives) for a range of constraints, such as cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural or environmental impacts.
Generate resourceGiven a complex real-world problem, identify one smaller more manageable problem and describe a solution to that problem that can be solved through engineering.
Generate resourceAnalyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative or quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.
Generate resourceEvaluate one or more explanations for the composition of matter in the universe based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, or using given spectral data from distant stars and/or galaxies, explain how Doppler shift provides evidence for relative motion away from or towards Earth.
Generate resourceUse mathematical models and/or ray diagrams to describe the patterns in the change in size and/or location of an image for an object at two or more positions for a lens or mirror with a given focal length.
Generate resourceGiven information about a technological device, explain how the device uses a principle of wave behavior and/or wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy
Generate resourceSupport or refute a given claim, using scientific and/or technical information, that describes the effect(s) that a frequency or range of frequencies and/or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.
Generate resourceGiven information, support or refute a claim regarding the use of the wave model or the particle model for electromagnetic radiation to describe a phenomenon.
Generate resourceEvaluate a question about an advantage and/or disadvantage of using a digital transmission and/or storage of information.
Generate resourceGiven data, model(s), and/or a mathematical representation, determine the period, frequency, wavelength, or speed of a wave or electromagnetic radiation (photon) traveling and transferring energy in a medium, or use mathematical relationships and a ruler and protractor to construct the reflected and/or refracted ray(s) to show the direction of a wave as it hits a boundary, or determine the index of refraction.
Generate resourceGiven a description, information, and/or data for an unspecified series or parallel circuit, draw the corresponding schematic diagram, or given a schematic diagram, description of, and/or data for a series or parallel circuit, use mathematical relationship(s) to describe the potential difference, current, resistance, power, and/or energy of the circuit or an individual circuit component, or given a schematic diagram, description of, and/or data for a series or parallel circuit, use mathematical relationship(s) to describe what happens to the potential difference, current, resistance, power, and/or energy of the circuit or an individual circuit component when change(s) are made to the circuit.
Generate resourceComplete a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to show the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction, or given a model of two objects interacting through an electric field, explain why or show how the energy stored in the electric field changes when the position of the object(s) changes, or given a model of an object(s) interacting through a magnetic field, explain why or show how the magnetic force, magnetic field, and/or energy stored in the magnetic field changes when the position of the object(s) changes.
Generate resourceGiven data from an investigation involving the combination of two components of different temperatures within a closed system, explain how the data provides evidence to support that thermal energy is transferred between the objects in the system, which results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system, or use mathematical thinking to determine or describe the amount of thermal energy transferred by each component within the system, or complete a plan for an investigation that would provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy, when two components of different temperatures are combined within a closed system, results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system, or given a plan, conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy, when two components of different temperatures are combined within a closed system, results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system.
Generate resourceEvaluate and/or refine a given device that converts one form of energy into another form of energy in order to meet given constraints, or given a device or a model of a device that converts one form of energy into another form of energy, calculate the device’s efficiency.
Generate resourceRevise or complete a model(s) to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale is a combination of energies associated with the motion of and relative position of particles (objects).
Generate resourceGiven a model or information for a system, calculate the energy change for the system and/or a physical quantity associated with an energy transformation within the system.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field or that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current, or given a plan, conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current, or given a description of an investigation, evaluate if the investigation will provide evidence to support the claim that an electric current can produce a magnetic field or that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current, or revise or complete a plan for an investigation that would provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field or that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.
Generate resourceUsing mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation or Coulomb’s Law, describe and/or predict the gravitational force(s) or field, or electrostatic force(s) or field associated with an object or a system of two objects, or describe and/or predict the magnitude of the factor(s) that result in the given forces or fields.
Generate resourceApply scientific and engineering ideas to design a device that reduces the force on a macroscopic object during a collision and explain how this device reduces the force, or given the design of a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object, apply scientific and engineering ideas to describe how this device can be refined to reduce this force, or given data for a mechanism designed to minimize the force on a macroscopic object, evaluate the effectiveness of the mechanism based upon given constraints.
Generate resourceGiven data and/or a model, use a mathematical representation for the conservation of momentum to determine the mass and/or velocity of an object before or after an interaction between two objects when there is no net force on the system.
Generate resourceAnalyze and/or interpret data for an object acted upon by unbalanced force(s) by applying the mathematical relationships described in Newton’s Laws of Motion to determine the net force acting on the object, the mass, or the acceleration of the object, or analyze and/or interpret data for an object acted upon by unbalanced force(s) using mathematical representations (kinematics) to determine quantities describing motion (with or without direction) including the acceleration, velocity, displacement of a macroscopic object, or time that the unbalanced force(s) act(s) on a macroscopic object.
Generate resourceComplete a model that demonstrates the release of energy during fission, and/or fusion, and/or radioactive decay, or use model(s), data, and/or information to compare the scale of energy released during a nuclear process to other kinds of energy transformations.
Generate resourceUse a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to related complex real world problems with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.
Generate resourceEvaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts. Explain how these solutions affect society and the environment.
Generate resourceFor a complex real-world problem, design multiple solutions to sub-problems based on student generated data and/or scientific information from other sources. Describe the rationale, criteria, and constraints of each subproblem.
Generate resourceEvaluate two or more major global challenges to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions, which could include new technologies, that account for societal needs and wants.
Generate resourceConstruct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and of the composition of matter in the universe.
Generate resourceUse mathematical models to determine relationships among the size and location of images, size and location of objects, and focal lengths of lenses and mirrors.
Generate resourceCommunicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.
Generate resourceEvaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.
Generate resourceEvaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model (quantum theory), and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.
Generate resourceEvaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information.
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling and transferring energy (amplitude, frequency) in various media.
Generate resourceAnalyze data to support the claim that Ohm’s Law describes the mathematical relationship among the potential difference, current, and resistance of an electric circuit.
Generate resourceDevelop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy, when two components of different temperatures are combined within a closed system, results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system
Generate resourceDesign, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.
Generate resourceDevelop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects).
Generate resourceCreate a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.
Generate resourceApply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system
Generate resourceAnalyze data to support the claim that Newton’s Second Law of Motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.
Generate resourceDevelop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.
Generate resourceUse a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to related complex real world problems with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.
Generate resourceEvaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts. Explain how these solutions affect society and the environment.
Generate resourceFor a complex real-world problem, design multiple solutions to sub-problems based on student generated data and/or scientific information from other sources. Describe the rationale, criteria, and constraints of each subproblem.
Generate resourceEvaluate two or more major global challenges to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions, which could include new technologies, that account for societal needs and wants.
Generate resourceConstruct, evaluate, and revise an explanation to support the connection between electromagnetic radiation and the composition of matter in the universe, or construct, evaluate, and revise an explanation to support the connection between spectral data, Doppler shift, and motion relative to Earth (away from or towards) for distant stars and galaxies.
Generate resourceUse mathematical models, including ray diagrams, to determine relationships among the size and location of images, size and location of objects, and focal lengths for lenses and mirrors
Generate resourceCommunicate technical information to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of a technological device that uses principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.
Generate resourceGather and evaluate the validity and reliability of various scientific sources. Formulate a valid claim on the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter, citing evidence from these sources.
Generate resourceUsing multiple sources of evidence and scientific reasoning, construct and evaluate a claim that for some situations one model of electromagnetic radiation (wave or particle) is more useful than the other.
Generate resourceEvaluate questions about the advantages and disadvantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information using multiple sources of scientific and technical information.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation and use mathematical representations to evaluate claims regarding the relationships among the period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling and transferring energy in various media.
Generate resourcePerform statistical analysis on multiple data sets in order to make and support a claim about Ohm’s Law and the mathematical relationship among the potential difference, current, and resistance of an electric circuit.
Generate resourceDevelop and use multiple types of models of two or more objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy, when two components of different temperatures are combined within a closed system, results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system. Analyze and interpret the data to verify the second law of thermodynamics. Evaluate the limitations on the precision of the data and inherent uncertainties in the investigation.
Generate resourceDesign, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy, and explain how a similar device could be used to solve a real-world problem using student-generated sources of evidence.
Generate resourceDevelop and use multiple models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects), and revise the models to reflect one or more changes in system parameters.
Generate resourceCreate a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known, and apply the model to real-world data to evaluate the limitations of the model.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that changes in specific physical quantities qualitatively affect the magnetic field produced by an electric current and the electric current produced by a changing magnetic field.
Generate resourceUse mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to compare the magnitudes and directions of the gravitational and electrostatic forces, and predict changes in those forces when more than one variable is changed.
Generate resourceApply scientific and engineering ideas to design and build a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision and analyze the forces acting on the object during the collision, and use this analysis to refine the device to further minimize the force of impact during the collision.
Generate resourceCollect and analyze data and use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.
Generate resourcePlan and conduct an investigation to support a claim that describes the mathematical relationships among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration, and make predictions using the results of the investigation by applying Newton’s Laws of Motion.
Generate resourceDevelop and use models to demonstrate the scale of energy released during nuclear processes including fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.
Generate resource